![]() The methods depend on the fact that seismic waves have differing velocities in different types of soil or rock. Seismic refraction traverses ( seismic lines) are performed using an array of seismographs or geophones and an energy source. ![]() Seismic refraction is exploited in engineering geology, geotechnical engineering and exploration geophysics. The seismic refraction method utilizes the refraction of seismic waves by rock or soil layers to characterize the subsurface geologic conditions and geologic structure. Seismic refraction is a geophysical principle governed by Snell's Law of refraction. Geophysical principle Propagating seismic waves (bottom) and related travel time diagram (top) of the direct (blue) and the first refracted phase (green)
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